| Parte de una serie sobre |
| Sistemas economicos |
|---|
|
La nacionalización (o nacionalización ) es el proceso de transformar activos de propiedad privada en activos públicos al ponerlos bajo la propiedad pública de un gobierno o estado nacional . [1] La nacionalización generalmente se refiere a activos privados o activos propiedad de niveles inferiores de gobierno (como municipios ) que se transfieren al estado. [ cita requerida ] La nacionalización contrasta con la privatización y con la desmutualización . [ cita requerida ]Cuando los activos previamente nacionalizados se privatizan y posteriormente se devuelven a la propiedad pública en una etapa posterior, se dice que han sufrido una renacionalización . Las industrias que a menudo están sujetas a la nacionalización incluyen las alturas dominantes de la economía : telecomunicaciones , energía eléctrica , combustibles fósiles , ferrocarriles , aerolíneas , mineral de hierro , medios de comunicación , servicios postales , bancos y agua , aunque, en muchas jurisdicciones, muchas de estas entidades no tienen antecedentes. de propiedad privada.
La nacionalización puede ocurrir con o sin compensación a los antiguos propietarios . La nacionalización se distingue [¿ por quién? ] de la redistribución de la propiedad en el sentido de que el gobierno retiene el control de la propiedad nacionalizada . Algunas nacionalizaciones se producen cuando un gobierno confisca bienes adquiridos ilegalmente. Por ejemplo, en 1945 el gobierno francés se apoderó del fabricante de automóviles Renault porque sus propietarios habían colaborado con los ocupantes nazis de Francia de 1940-1944 . [2]
Los economistas pueden distinguir entre nacionalización y socialización , que se refiere al proceso de reestructuración del marco económico, la estructura organizativa y las instituciones de una economía sobre una base socialista . Por el contrario, la nacionalización no implica necesariamente la propiedad social y la reestructuración del sistema económico . Por sí misma, la nacionalización no tiene nada que ver con el socialismo ; históricamente, los estados han llevado a cabo nacionalizaciones con diversos propósitos bajo una amplia variedad de sistemas políticos y económicos diferentes . [3]
Compensación [ editar ]
Dado que las industrias nacionalizadas son de propiedad estatal, el gobierno es responsable de cubrir las deudas . Las industrias nacionalizadas normalmente no toman prestado del mercado interno más que para préstamos a corto plazo. Si son rentables, las ganancias se utilizan a menudo para financiar otros servicios estatales, como programas sociales e investigación gubernamental, que pueden ayudar a reducir la carga fiscal.
La postura occidental tradicional sobre la compensación fue expresada por el Secretario de Estado de los Estados Unidos, Cordell Hull, durante la nacionalización mexicana de la industria petrolera en 1938, diciendo que la compensación debería ser "rápida, efectiva y adecuada". Según este punto de vista, el Estado nacionalizador está obligado por el derecho internacional a pagar a la parte privada el valor total de la propiedad incautada.
La posición contraria ha sido adoptada principalmente por los países en desarrollo , alegando que la cuestión de la compensación debe dejarse enteramente en manos del Estado soberano , de acuerdo con la Doctrina Calvo .
Los estados socialistas han sostenido que no se debe ninguna compensación, basándose en la opinión de que la propiedad privada sobre los activos socializados es ilegítima, explotadora o un obstáculo para un mayor desarrollo económico.
En 1962, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas adoptó la Resolución 1803, "Soberanía permanente sobre los recursos nacionales", que establece que en caso de nacionalización, el propietario "recibirá una compensación adecuada de conformidad con el derecho internacional". Al hacerlo, la ONU rechazó la visión doctrinal tradicional de Calvo y la visión comunista. El término "compensación adecuada" representa un compromiso entre los puntos de vista tradicionales, teniendo en cuenta la necesidad de los países en desarrollo de llevar a cabo reformas, incluso sin la capacidad de pagar una compensación completa, y la preocupación occidental por la protección de la propiedad privada.
En los Estados Unidos, la Quinta Enmienda requiere una compensación justa si la propiedad privada se toma para uso público.
Political support[edit]
| Part of a series on |
| Social democracy |
|---|
|
Nationalization was one of the major mechanisms advocated by reformist socialists and social democrats for gradually transitioning to socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists, redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, and establish some form of workers' self-management as a precursor to the establishment of a socialist economic system.[4]
In the United Kingdom after the Second World War, nationalization gained support by the Labour party and some social democratic parties throughout Western Europe. Although sometimes undertaken as part of a strategy to build socialism, more commonly nationalization was also undertaken and used to protect and develop industries perceived as being vital to the nation's competitiveness (such as aerospace and shipbuilding), or to protect jobs in certain industries.
A re-nationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different political party or faction is in power. A re-nationalization process may also be called "reverse privatization". Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a publicly listed corporation.[citation needed]
According to research by Paasha Mahdavi, leaders who consider nationalization face a dilemma: "nationalize and reap immediate gains while risking future prosperity, or maintain private operations, thereby passing on revenue windfalls but securing long-term fiscal streams."[5] He argues that leaders "nationalize extractive resources to extend the duration of their power" by using "this increased capital to secure political support."[5]
Economic analysis[edit]
Nationalization can have positive and negative effects.[6] A 2018 Stanford study of Chinese firms found their state-owned enterprises (SOEs) to be significantly more productive.[7] In 2019 research based on studies from Greenwich University found that the nationalization of key services such as water, bus, railways and broadband could save £13bn every year.[8]
Conversely, an assessment from the Institute for Fiscal Studies found that it would add at least £150bn to the national debt and make it harder for the country to hit its climate change targets. This analysis was based on the assumption that the Government would have to pay the market rate for these industries.[9]
Expropriation[edit]
Expropriation is the seizure of private property by a public agency for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest. It may also be used as a penalty for criminal proceedings.[10] Unlike eminent domain, expropriation may also refer to the taking of private property by a private entity authorized by a government to take property in certain situations.
Due to political risks that are involved when countries engage in international business it is important to understand the expropriation risks and laws within each of the countries that business is conducted in order to understand the risks as an investor in that country.[11]
Marxist theory[edit]
The term appears as "expropriation of expropriators (ruling classes)" in Marxist theory, and also as the slogan "Loot the looted!" ("грабь награбленное"), which was very popular during the Russian October Revolution.[12] The term is also used to describe nationalization campaigns by communist states, such as dekulakization and collectivization in the USSR.[13]
The term expropriation is found by late Marx writings, specifically in “Karl Marx: A letter to Otechestvenye Zapiski” to describe the process of turning agrarian/rural peasants into wage laborers/proletarians if the Russian country is to become a capitalist nation like that of the Western European nations.
Nikolai Bukharin had criticised the term 'nationalisation', preferring the term 'statisation' instead.[14]
See also[edit]
- Compulsory purchase
- Constitutional economics
- Confiscation
- Eminent domain
- List of nationalizations by country
- Municipalization
- Privatization
- Public ownership
- Railway nationalization
- Sequestration
- State ownership
- State capitalism
- State socialism
- State sector
- Statism
References[edit]
- ^ "Definition of NATIONALIZATION". merriam-webster.com.
nationalize [...] 2 : to invest control or ownership of in the national government[.]
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011). "Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Alistair, Mason; Pyper, Hugh (21 December 2000). Hastings, Adrian (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0198600244. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later. [...] Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'[.]
- ^ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. (P.176): "Nationalisation arouses no enthusiasm, in the minds of most socialists and anti-socialists. It would probably be agreed that hopes which reposed on nationalisation have been disappointed. Conservatives hold that this is due to defects inherent in nationalisation, that private enterprise based on private ownership is inherently superior. (Mrs Thatcher’s government tried to ensure that this was so by preventing essential investments and ordering the nationalized industries to sell off their more successful undertakings.)...The original notion was that nationalization would achieve three objectives. One was to dispossess the big capitalists. The second was to divert the profits from private appropriation to the public purse. Thirdly, the nationalized sector would serve the public good rather than try to make private profits...To these objectives some (but not all) would add some sort of workers' control, the accountability of management to employees."
- ^ a b Mahdavi, Paasha (2020). "Power grab: political survival through extractive resource nationalization". Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
- ^ "Nationalization | economic policy".
- ^ https://kingcenter.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/1037wp.pdf
- ^ Ellis, Mark (2019-11-24). "Nationalisation of public services could save £13billion every year". mirror. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
- ^ PoliticsHome.com (2019-12-03). "Labour nationalisations 'would cost tens of billions and risk years of disruption', claims IFS". PoliticsHome.com. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
- ^ Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 251.
- ^ Flynn, Chris. Avoiding Expropriation and Managing Political Risk in Emerging Market. Lexology. p. 1.
- ^ Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: Russian Revolution, 1996, ISBN 0-7126-7327-X.
- ^ Richard Pipes Property and Freedom, Vintage Books, A division of Random House, Inc., New York, 1999, ISBN 0-375-70447-7, page 214.
- ^ Economy of transition period, Chapter Seven 'The latter term, indeed, certainly is not perfect. First, it mixes "nation" ("whole") with the state, i.e. the ruling class. Second, it has shade of national states epoch. We keep it because it is absolutely rooted, though there are no logical grounds for its existence.'
External links[edit]
| Library resources about Nationalization |
|
 | Look up nationalization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- The importance of public banking, article on Indian public sector banks
- Time for Permanent Nationalization by economist Fred Moseley in Dollars & Sense, January/February 2009
- The Corporate Governance of Banks - a concise discussion of concepts and evidence
- Davies, Albert Emil (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
