La siguiente lista consta de conceptos notables que se derivan de tradiciones culturales islámicas y asociadas ( árabe , persa , turca ), que se expresan como palabras en idioma árabe o persa . El propósito principal de esta lista es eliminar la ambigüedad de múltiples grafías, tomar nota de las grafías que ya no se usan para estos conceptos, definir el concepto en una o dos líneas, facilitar la búsqueda y la identificación de conceptos específicos, y para proporcionar una guía de conceptos únicos del Islam, todo en un solo lugar.
Separar los conceptos en el Islam de los conceptos específicos de la cultura árabe , o del idioma en sí, puede ser difícil. Muchos conceptos árabes tienen un significado secular árabe, así como un significado islámico. Un ejemplo es el concepto de dawah . El árabe, como todos los idiomas, contiene palabras cuyos significados difieren en varios contextos.
El árabe está escrito en su propio alfabeto , con letras, símbolos y convenciones ortográficas que no tienen equivalentes exactos en el alfabeto latino (ver alfabeto árabe ). La siguiente lista contiene transliteraciones de términos y frases árabes; existen variaciones, por ejemplo, din en lugar de deen y aqidah en lugar de aqeedah . La mayoría de los elementos de la lista también contienen su ortografía árabe real.
A
- ʿAbd ( عبد ) (para hombre) ʾAmah ( أمة ) (para mujer)
- Sirviente o adorador. Los musulmanes se consideran siervos y adoradores de Dios según el Islam . Nombres musulmanes comunes como Abdullah (siervo de Dios), Abdul-Malik (siervo del rey), Abdur-Rahmān (esclavo del más benévolo), Abdus-Salām (esclavo de [el creador de] la paz), Abdur-Rahîm (Esclavo del más Misericordioso), todos se refieren a los nombres de Allah .
- ʾAdab (أدب)
- Tradicionalmente describe los buenos modales, como en la etiqueta. Por ejemplo, ser cortés es un buen ʾadab. Sin embargo, el término puede usarse de manera muy amplia, y la traducción adecuada sería "la forma correcta de hacer algo", como en el ejemplo, ʾĀdāb al Qitāl, o, "Las formas adecuadas de luchar en la guerra" (Qitāl en Árabe significa combate mortal) en el que la palabra "etiqueta" no corresponde al contexto. Un significado secundario de ʾAdab es "literatura".
- ʾAdhān (أذان)
- llamada a salat (oración), a veces deletreada y pronunciada alternativamente Azaan, Athaan y Adhan.
- ʿAdl (عدل)
- justicia , especialmente justicia distributiva : social , económica , política , propietaria .
- AH (هجرية)
- Anno Hegirae El calendario islámico comienza a contar años a partir del momento en que Mahoma tuvo que dejar La Meca e ir a Medina, un evento conocido como la Hégira . El primer día del primer año islámico es 1 Muḥarram 1 (AH) y corresponde al 16 de julio de 622 ( EC ).
- ʾAḥad (أحد)
- literalmente "uno". Islámicamente, ahad significa Uno solo, único, nadie como Dios. Al-Ahad es uno de los nombres de Dios.
- ʾAḥkām (أحكام)
- Estos son los fallos y órdenes del Corán y la Sunnah. Una sola regla se llama Ḥukm . Cinco tipos de órdenes: Wajib o Fard (obligatorio), Mustahab (preferido y recomendado), Halal o Mubah (permitido), Makruh (desagradable y no recomendado) y Haram (prohibido)
- ʾAhl al-Bayt (أهل البيت)
- miembros de la casa de Muhammad . También conocido entre los chiítas como el Maʿṣūmūn (معصومون) (infalibles; espiritualmente puro).
- ʾAhl al-Fatrah (أهل الفترة)
- personas que viven en la ignorancia de las enseñanzas de una religión revelada, pero de acuerdo con la "Fitra", la "Religión Natural" innata a la naturaleza humana creada por Dios.
- ʾAhl al-Kitāb (أهل الكتاب)
- "Gente del Libro", o seguidores de religiones monoteístas preislámicas con alguna forma de escritura que se cree que es de origen divino que se menciona en el Corán: judíos , cristianos .
- ʾĀkhirah (الآخرة)
- en el futuro o la vida eterna
- ʾAkhlāq (أخلاق)
- La práctica de la virtud. Moralidad.
- Al-ʾIkhlāṣ (الإخلاص)
- Sinceridad y autenticidad en las creencias religiosas.
- Al-Bir (البّر)
- Piedad y rectitud y todo acto de obediencia a Allah .
- ʿĀlamīn (عالمين)
- Literalmente "mundos", humanidad, genios, ángeles y todo lo que existe.
- Al Hijr (Kaaba) (الكعبة)
- Un muro semicircular al noroeste de Kaaba.
- ʿAlayhi -s-salām (عليه السلام)
- "Paz sea con él" Esta expresión sigue normalmente después de nombrar un profeta (aparte de Muhammad), o uno de los nobles Angels (es decir Jibreel (Gabriel), Meekaal (Michael), etc.)
- al-ḥamdu li-llāh (الحمد لله)
- "¡Alabado sea Dios!" Exclamación coránica y también el mismo significado que aleluya.
- Allāh (الله)
- El nombre de Dios según el Islam. También se utiliza como palabra árabe para Dios en general.
- Allāhumma (اللَّهُمَّ)
- "Oh Allah, mi Señor" - usado en una frase o saludo, invocaciones o súplicas ( dua ).
- Allāhu ʾAkbar (الله أكبر)
- "Alá es el más grande". Más grande que nada ni nadie, imaginable o inimaginable.
- ʿĀlim (عالِم)
- iluminado. Uno que sabe. Un erudito (en cualquier campo del conocimiento); un jurista o científico (que conoce la ciencia ) o un teólogo (que conoce la religión ); similar al sensei japonés , "maestro".
- ʾAmānah (أمانة)
- la confianza. De toda la creación, sólo los seres humanos y los genios llevan la "confianza", que es libre albedrío.
- ʾĀmīn (آمين)
- Amén .
- ʾAmīr ul-Muʾminīn (أمير المؤمنين)
- "Comendador de los Fieles" Históricamente el título del Califa. En algunos países modernos como Marruecos , un ʾAmīr ul-Muʾminīn o Comandante de los fieles es el jefe religioso.
- ʾĀminah (آمنة)
- Madre de Muhammad. Aminah se enfermó y murió en Abwa , cerca de Madina (entonces Yathrib ) cuando Muhammad tenía seis años.
- Al-ʾAmr Bi'l Maʿrūf (الأمر بالمعروف)
- Doctrina islámica de imponer el derecho. Existe en el Islam el principio (obligatorio) de animar a otras personas a hacer lo correcto.
- ʾAnfāl (أنفال)
- Botín de guerra. (Ver Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl (8: 1)) (سورة الأنفال) [1]
- ʾAnṣār (أنصار)
- "Ayudantes". Los musulmanes conversos en Medina que ayudaron a los musulmanes de La Meca después de la Hégira.
- ʿAqīdah (عقيدة)
- Artículo de fe, principio, credo o dogma.
- ʿAqīqah (عقيقة)
- Práctica islámica de afeitar la cabeza del macho recién nacido y aportar el peso en plata para caridad, así como 2 corderos.
- ʿAql (عقل)
- Inteligencia, intelecto, mente, comprensión.
- ʾArkān singular rukn (ركن / أركان)
- Los cinco "pilares" rukn del Islam. (Ver rukn )
- AS (ʿAlayhi s-salām) (عليه السلام)
- Este acrónimo evoca una bendición y se agrega a los nombres de los profetas que vinieron antes de Mahoma. También se aplicará a las madres de esos profetas. Al seguir el nombre de una mujer, la forma femenina es ʿAlayha s-salām.
- aṣaḥḥ
- Término elativo árabe , "más correcto". Utilizado por los eruditos musulmanes para presentar su propio punto de vista sin descartar por completo el de los demás. [2]
- ʾAṣl (أصل) (pl. ʾUṣūl)
- Raíz, origen, fuente; principio.
- ʾAslim taslam (أسلِم تسلَم)
- "Someterse al Islam" (ver dawah )
- ʾAsmāʾ Allāh al-Ḥusnā (أسماء الله الحسنى)
- Lista de los 99 nombres de Dios. Según un hadiz, el que los enumere todos entrará en el Paraíso.
- ʿAṣr (العصر)
- La tercera oración del salat. La hora del día antes de la puesta del sol y después del mediodía. También significa "era".
- Aṣ-Ṣirāṭ (الصراط)
- El puente al cruzar el cual se determina (juzga) si una persona iría al cielo o al infierno. La forma en que una persona cruza el Sirat depende de lo que haya hecho en su vida y en lo que haya creído.
- al-ʿAsharatu Mubashsharun bil-Jannah o simplemente ʿAsharatu Mubashsharah ( árabe
- العشرة المبشّرون بالجنة , romanizado : ʿAsharatu l-mubashshirūn o árabe: عشرة المبشّر , romanizado: Asharatul-mubashshirūna bil Jannah ): Los diez compañeros de Mahoma a quienes se les prometió el paraíso (solo en el Islam sunita )
- ʿĀshūrāʾ (عاشوراء)
- Décimo día del mes de Muharram . Es el día en que Dios salvó a Moisés y a los hijos de Israel del Faraón. El nieto de Mahoma, Imam Hussayn sacrificó su vida junto con 72 de sus compañeros en las dunas de arena de Karbala . Los eruditos sunitas recomendaron ayunar durante este día. Para los chiítas, también es un día en el que lamentan la muerte del tercer imán chií , Husayn ibn Ali , junto con su familia y compañeros, que murieron en la famosa batalla de Karbala . Lloran y lloran y organizan programas lamentables en los que no solo aprenden a vivir una vida islámica adecuada y a mejorar su yo espiritual, sino que también lloran al final del ritual para mostrar su verdadero amor y fe hacia el imán Hussayn.
- As-Salāmu ʿAlaykum (السلام عليكم)
- El saludo islámico; literalmente "la paz sea contigo"; Además, wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (ورحمة الله وبركاته) significa "y la Misericordia de Dios y Su bendición". La respuesta a este saludo es wa-ʿAlaykum as-Salām wa-Raḥmatullāhi wa-Barakātuhu (وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته) - "Y en ti sea la Paz y la Misericordia de Dios y Su Bendición".
- ʾAstaghfir allāh (أستغفر الله)
- "Busco el perdón de Dios". Expresión islámica.
- Aʿudhu billah (أعوذ بالله ʾAʿūdhu billāh )
- "Busco refugio en Dios". Esta es una paráfrasis sobre los comienzos de las dos últimas suras del Corán.
- ʾAwliyāʾ (أولياء)
- Amigos, protectores, ayudantes, cuidador, mantenedor. (singular: wali)
- ʿAwrah (عورة)
- Las partes del cuerpo, hombre o mujer, deben estar cubiertas en público pero no entre cónyuges, por ejemplo, las partes del cuerpo de una mujer deben estar ocultas ante hombres no emparentados (hombres no emparentados significa aquellos con quienes puede casarse legalmente).
- ʾĀyah (آية), plural ʾāyāt (آيات)
- Una señal. Más específicamente, un verso del Corán.
- Āyatullāh (آية الله, también escrito Ayatollah )
- Signo de Dios Título otorgado a eruditos religiosos de alto rango en la secta Sh'ia .
B
- Baiʿa (بيعة)
- Ver Bay'ah
- Baatil (باطل)
- ver Bāṭil
- Baitullāh (بيت الله baytu -llāh )
- Una mezquita, literalmente "casa de Dios". Específicamente significa la Ka'aba en Makkah (La Meca).
- Bakka'in
- un grupo conocido como los Llorones, que lloraban porque no podían acompañar a Muhammad a Tabuk .
- Barakah (بركة)
- una forma de bendición, el pensamiento proviene de Dios y se transmite a otros a través de profetas, ángeles y santos.
- Bārak Allāhu Fīkum (بارك الله فيكم)
- Que Allah te bendiga; respuesta a la expresión de agradecimiento.
- Barzakh (برزخ)
- Barrera. Usado en el Corán para describir la barrera entre el agua dulce y salada. En teología, la barrera unidireccional entre el reino mortal y el mundo espiritual que el alma fallecida cruza y espera el juicio qiyamah .
- Bashar (بشر)
- humanidad, humanidad, hombre, humano (s), etc.
- Baṣīrah (بصيرة)
- Perspicacia, discernimiento, perceptividad, conocimiento profundo. A veces utilizado por los sufíes para denotar la capacidad de percibir directamente una Verdad trascendental.
- Bāṭil (باطل)
- vacío
- Bāṯin (باطن)
- El significado interior u oculto. Una persona que se dedica a estudiar esos significados ocultos es un batini .
- BBHN (عليه الصلاة والسلام)
- Bendito sea Su Nombre - acrónimo de SAWS Ver PBUH (La paz sea con él).
- Bidʿah (بدعة)
- Innovación en religión, es decir, inventar nuevos métodos de culto. Las malas Bidahs en el Islam son consideradas una desviación y un pecado grave por muchos musulmanes.
- Bidʿah sayyiʾah (بدعة سيئة)
- Investigación prohibida en el Islam.
- Bismi-llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم)
- "En el nombre de Allah, el Más Misericordioso, el Más Misericordioso". [3]
- Burda (بردة)
- En términos generales, significa "manto" o "prenda exterior". La referencia específica es a la "burda" de Muḥammad (ver Qaṣīda al-Burda ).
- Bayʿah (بيعة)
- un juramento de lealtad a un líder, tradicionalmente el califa , un jeque o un imán .
C
- Califa (خَليفة) khalīfah
- literalmente sucesor; se refiere al sucesor de Mahoma, el gobernante de una teocracia islámica.
D
- Dahri (دهري)
- ateo - de la raíz ad dahr que significa tiempo. En el Islam, los ateos son vistos como aquellos que piensan que el tiempo solo destruye, de ahí el término ad dahriyyah o simplemente dahriya para el concepto de ateísmo.
- Dajjāl (دجّال)
- El equivalente islámico del Anticristo ; significa "mentiroso" o "engañador".
- Ḍallāl (ضلال)
- yendo por mal camino.
- Dār al-ʿAhd (دار العهد)
- la relación del Imperio Otomano con sus estados tributarios cristianos.
- Dār al-ʾAmn (دار الأمن)
- significa casa de seguridad.
- Dār ad-daʿwa (دار الدعوة)
- una región donde se ha introducido recientemente el Islam.
- Dār al-ḥarb (دار الحرب)
- significa casa de guerra; se refiere a áreas fuera del dominio musulmán con las que un estado musulmán puede ir a la guerra simplemente por no ser musulmán.
- Dār al-Islām (دار الإسلام)
- la morada o tierra del Islam.
- Dār al-Kufr (دار الكفر)
- significa dominio de la incredulidad; el término originalmente se refiere a la sociedad de La Meca dominada por Quraish entre la huida de Mahoma a Medina (la Hégira) y la conquista de la ciudad .
- Dār aṣ-Ṣulḥ (دارالصلح)
- dominio de acuerdo
- Dār ash-shahāda (دار الشهادة)
- Ver Dar al-Amn
- Darūd (الدرود ، الصلاة على النبي)
- bendición
- Daʿwah (الدعوة)
- la llamada al Islam, proselitismo .
- Darwīš (درويش)
- un iniciado del Camino Sufi, uno que practica el Sufismo
- Dhikr (ذكر)
- Una práctica devocional mediante la cual el nombre de Dios se repite de manera rítmica. Recuerdo de Dios; ejercicio espiritual; Los musulmanes creen que la función principal de los profetas es recordarle a la gente acerca de Dios. También se pronuncia zikr .
- Dhimmi (ذمّي) (pl. Dhimam)
- "persona protegida"; Judíos y cristianos (y a veces otros, [4] como budistas, sikhs, hindúes y zoroastrianos ), que viven en un estado islámico que deben pagar un impuesto separado en lugar del zakah que pagan los musulmanes y esto exime a los no musulmanes del servicio militar. bajo la ley islámica.
- Dhuhr (ظهر) (ẓuhr)
- la segunda oración diaria obligatoria.
- Dīn (الدين)
- (literalmente 'religión') la forma de vida basada en la revelación islámica; la suma total de la fe y la práctica de un musulmán. Dīn se usa a menudo para referirse a la fe y la religión del Islam.
- Diyyah (دية)
- "dinero de sangre", recompensa por la pérdida de una vida.
- Duʿāʾ (دعاء)
- oración personal, súplica
- Dunya (دنيا)
- El Universo físico, en oposición al Más Allá; a veces se deletreaba Dunia .
mi
Eid al-Fitr (عيد الفطر)
- Marca el final de Ramaadaan [Ramzaan], el mes sagrado islámico del ayuno (sawm).
Eid al-Adha
- Honra la disposición de Ibrahim de sacrificar a su hijo Ismael como un acto de obediencia al mandato de Dios.
F
- Fadl
- Gracia divina
- Fajarah (فجرة) (también fujjār (فجّار))
- Los malvados hacedores de maldad. Plural de "fājir" (فاجر).
- fajr (فجر)
- amanecer, madrugada y oración de la mañana. La hora del día en que hay luz en el horizonte antes del amanecer.
- Falāḥ ( فلاح )
- liberación, salvación, bienestar.
- Falsafah (فلسفة)
- "filosofía" Los métodos y el contenido de la filosofía griega que se introdujeron en el Islam. Una persona que intenta interpretar el Islam a través de la filosofía racionalista se llama faylasuf (فيلسوف), "filósofo".
- Fanā ' (فناء)
- Término sufí que significa extinción: una muerte espiritual del yo inferior (Nafs) con malas características asociadas. No tener existencia fuera de Dios.
- Faqīh (فقيه) (pl. Fuqahāʾ) (فقهاء)
- Alguien que tiene un profundo conocimiento del Islam, sus leyes y jurisprudencia. (ver fiqh )
- Al-Faraj (الفرج)
- el regreso del Shia Mahdi
- Farḍ (فرض), plural furūḍ (فروض)
- un deber religioso, o una acción obligatoria: rezar 5 veces al día es fard Descuidar a un fard resultará en un castigo en el más allá. (Ver wajib )
- Farḍ ʿain (فرض عين)
- Obligatorio para cada musulmán individual a ayudar en todo lo que pueda.
- Farḍ kifāyah (فرض كفاية)
- una obligación para la comunidad musulmana en su conjunto, de la que algunos se liberan si otros la adoptan, como por ejemplo para la yihad.
- Fāsid (فاسد)
- corrupto, inválido / violable (en finanzas islámicas)
- Fāsiq (فاسق)
- cualquiera que haya violado la ley islámica; generalmente se refiere a alguien cuyo carácter ha sido corrompido (plural "fāsiqūn"); en el Corán se refiere a los incrédulos que se burlaban de Dios por usar símiles y parábolas (en el Corán). [5]
- Fātiḥa (الفاتحة)
- la breve sura inicial del Corán, que comienza "En el nombre de Dios, el Misericordioso, el Compasivo. Alabado sea Dios, el Señor de los Mundos ..." Estas palabras ocupan un lugar importante en las liturgias musulmanas y forma el núcleo del salat.
- Fatwā (فتوى)
- una opinión legal no vinculante de un académico ( alim ). Sin embargo, vinculante para los que siguen su taqlid
- Fī ʾAmān allāh (في أمان الله)
- "En la protección de Dios". Dicho cuando una persona se marcha.
- Fiqh (فقه)
- jurisprudencia construida alrededor de la sharia por costumbre ( al-urf ). Literalmente significa "comprensión profunda", se refiere a comprender las leyes islámicas. (ver faqih )
- Fī sabīl allāh (في سبيل الله)
- por Dios; expresión islámica común para realizar actos como caridad o Jihad y para 'qatlu' (luchar en combate mortal por la causa de Allah)
- Fitna (pl. Fitan) (فتنة)
- prueba o tribulación ; también se refiere a cualquier período de desorden, como una guerra civil, o el período de tiempo antes del fin del mundo o cualquier conflicto civil.
- Fiṭrah (فطرة)
- disposición innata hacia la virtud, el conocimiento y la belleza. Los musulmanes creen que todos los niños nacen con fitrah.
- Furqān (فرقان)
- el criterio (de correcto e incorrecto, verdadero y falso); por ejemplo, el Corán como furqan.
- Fuwaysiqah (فويسقة)
- bichos, mal de la raíz fasaqa que significa desviarse del camino correcto
GRAMO
- Ghafara (غفر)
- (verbo en tiempo pasado) perdonar, encubrir (pecados). Una característica de Dios.
- Ghaflah (غفلة)
- descuido, olvido de Dios, indiferencia
- Ghayb (غيب)
- lo invisible, lo desconocido.
- Ghanīmah (غنيمة)
- botín de guerra, botín.
- Gharar (غرر)
- incertidumbre excesiva; [6] también "la venta de lo que no está presente", como pescado aún no capturado, cultivos aún no cosechados. [7]
- Ghasbi (غصب)
- poseído ilegalmente
- Ghāzi (غازى)
- (arcaico) más o menos, "asaltante": utilizado para quién participó en la jihad (guerra). Más tarde un título para veteranos .
- Ghusl (غسل)
- ablución completa de todo el cuerpo (ver wudu ). Ghusl janaba es la ducha obligatoria después de la descarga sexual.
H
- Ḥadath akbar (حدث أكبر)
- impureza ritual importante que requiere Niyyat para su limpieza.
- Ḥadath aṣghar (حدث أصغر)
- impureza ritual menor
- Hādhā min faḍl rabbī (هَذَا مِن فَضْلِ رَبِّي)
- Expresiones y frases coránicas que significan Esto es por la Gracia de mi Señor.
- Hādī (هادي)
- un guía, uno que guía; Un nombre musulmán para Dios es The Guide, o Al-Hadi.
- Ḥadīth (حديث ḥadīth ) plural ahādīth
- literalmente "habla"; dicho o tradición grabada de Mahoma validada por el isnad ; con sira, estos comprenden la sunnah y revelan la sharia
- Ḥadīth mashhūr (حديث مشهور)
- Hadiz bien conocido; un hadiz informado por uno, dos o más Compañeros de Muhammad o de otro Compañero, pero que más tarde se ha hecho conocido y transmitido por un número indefinido de personas durante la primera y segunda generación de musulmanes.
- Ḥāfiẓ (حافظ)
- alguien que memorizó todo el Corán. Traducción literal = memorizador o protector.
- Ḥaiḍ (حيض)
- menstruation
- Ḥājj (حاجّ) plural Ḥujjāj (حجّاج) and Ḥajīj (حجيج)
- Pilgrim, one who has made the Hajj.
- Ḥajj (حجّ) and Ḥijjah (plurals Ḥijjāt (حجّات) and Ḥijaj (حجج))
- pilgrimage to Mecca. Sunnis regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam. See Dhu al-Hijjah.
- Ḥajj at-Tamattuʿ (حج التمتع)
- performing ʿUmrah during the Hajj season, and on the Day of Tarwiah a pilgrim gets into the state of Ihram for Hajj. Before making ʿUmrah, approach the Miqat and declare the intention. End by sacrificing an animal.
- Ḥajj al-Qirān (حج القران)
- At Miqat, declare intention to perform both Hajj and 'Umrah together. After throwing the Jamrah of Al-'Aqabah, and getting hair shaved or cut that take off his Ihram garments and sacrifice animal.
- Ḥajj al-ʾIfrād (حج الإفراد)
- At Miqat, declare intention for Hajj only. Maintain Ihram garments up to the Day of Sacrifice. No offering is required from him.
- Ḥākim (حاكم)
- a ruler's or governor's title; in some Muslim states, a judge. See Ahkam.
- Ḥākimīya (حاكمية)
- sovereignty, governance.
- Ḥalāl (حلال)
- lawful, permitted, good, beneficial, praiseworthy, honourable. (See mustahabb, mandub)
- Ḥalaqah (حلقة)
- A gathering or meeting for the primary purpose of learning about Islam.
- Ḥalq (حلق)
- Shaving of the head, particularly associated with pilgrimage to Mecca[8]
- Ḥanīf (حنيف)
- pre-Islamic non-Jewish or non-Christian monotheists. Plural: ḥunafā' (حنفاء).
- Ḥaqq (حقّ)
- truth, reality, right, righteousness. Al-Haqq is one of 99 names of God.
- Ḥarām (حرام)
- sinful
- Ḥaram (حرم)
- sanctuary.
- Ḥasan (حسن)
- Good, beautiful, admirable. Also a categorization of a hadith's authenticity as "acceptable". (other categorizations include authentic and fabricated).
- Hawa (هوى) (pl. ʾahwāʾ (أهواء))
- Vain or egotistical desire; individual passion; impulsiveness.
- Hidāyah (هداية)
- guidance from God.
- Ḥijāb (حجاب)
- literally "cover". It describes the covering of the body for the purposes of modesty and dignity; broadly, a prescribed system of attitudes and behaviour regarding modesty and dignity. (See abayah, al-amira, burqa, chador, jilbab, khimar, milfeh, niqab, purdah, shayla)
- Hijra (الهجرة)
- Muhammad and his followers' emigration from Mecca to Medina. Literally, "migration". This holiday marks the beginning of the Muslim New Year on the first day of the month of Muharram. See Rabi' al-awwal and abbreviation AH.
- Ḥikmah (also Hikmat) (حكمة)
- Literally this means "wisdom" and refers to the highest possible level of understanding attainable by a Muslim. In particular, it refers to the illuminative, mystical sort of wisdom that a Gnostic or Sufi might attain.
- Hilāl (هلال)
- Crescent moon.
- Ḥima (حمى)
- wilderness reserve, protected forest, grazing commons; a concept of stewardship
- Ḥizb (حزب)
- One half of a juz', or roughly 1/60th of the Qur'an
- Hudā (هدى)
- Guidance.
- Hudna (هدنة)
- Truce. Cease-fire (often temporary)
- Ḥudūd (حدود) (sing. hadd)
- Literally, limits or boundaries. Usually refers to limits placed by Allah on man; penalties of the Islamic law ( sharia) for particular crimes described in the Qur'an – intoxication, theft, rebellion, adultery and fornication, false accusation of adultery, and apostasy. (See ta'zeer)
- Ḥukm (حكم)
- ruling in the Qur'an or Sunnah. Also spelled Hukum.
- Ḥūrī (حورية ḥūrīya; pl. ḥūrīyāt حوريات)
- beautiful and pure young men and women that Muslims believe inhabit Paradise, or Heaven.
I
- ʿIbādah (عبادة)
- submission, worship, but not limited to ritual: all expressions of servitude to Allah, including the pursuit of knowledge, living a pious life, helping, charity, and humility, can be considered ibadah.
- ʾIblīs (إبليس)
- Devil banished to Hell for his arrogance and disobedience; aka Satan.
- ʿId (عيد)
- festival or celebration. Alternatively transliterated Eid.
- ʿId ul-Adha (عيد الأضحى)
- "the Festival of Sacrifice." The four-day celebration starting on the tenth day of Dhul-Hijja.
- ʿId ul-Fitr (عيد الفطر)
- "the Festival of Fitr (Breaking the fast)." A religious festival that marks the end of the fast of Ramadan.
- ʾIfṭār (إفطار)
- a meal eaten by Muslims breaking their fast after sunset during the month of Ramadan.
- ʾIḥrām (إحرام)
- state of consecration for hajj. Includes dress and or prayer.
- ʾIḥsān (إحسان)
- perfection in worship, such that Muslims try to worship God as if they see Him, and although they cannot see Him, they undoubtedly believe He is constantly watching over them.
- ʾIḥtiyāṭ (إحتياط)
- Also Ahwat. A Precaution, either obligatory or optional. [9]
- ʾIḥtiyāṭ mustaḥabb(إحتياط مستحبّ)
- A preferred precaution. [9]
- ʾIḥtiyāṭ wājib(إحتياط واجب)
- An obligatory precaution. [9]
- ʾIʿjāz (إعجاز)
- miracle, the character of the Qur'an in both form and content.
- ʾIjāzah (إجازة)
- a certificate authorizing one to transmit a subject or text of Islamic knowledge
- ʾIjmā' (إجماع)
- the consensus of either the ummah (or just the ulema) – one of four bases of Islamic Law. More generally, political consensus itself. Shi'a substitute obedience to the Imam; opposite of ikhtilaf
- ʾIjtihād (اجتهاد)
- During the early times of Islam, the possibility of finding a new solution to a juridical problem. Has not been allowed in conservative Islam since the Middle Ages. However, Liberal movements within Islam generally argue that any Muslim can perform ijtihad, given that Islam has no generally accepted clerical hierarchy or bureaucratic organization. The opposite of ijtihad is taqlid (تقليد), Arabic for "imitation".
- ʾIkhtilāf (اختلاف)
- disagreement among the madhhabs (scholars) of a religious principle; opposite of ijma.
- ʾIkrām (إكرام)
- honouring, hospitality, generosity – Dhul jalaali wal ikraam is one of the 99 names of Allah.
- ʾIkrāh (إكراه)
- mental or physical force.
- ʾIlāh (إله)
- deity, a god; including gods worshiped by polytheists.
- ʿIlm (علم)
- all varieties of knowledge, usually a synonym for science
- ʾImām (إمام)
- literally, leader; e.g. a man who leads a community or leads the prayer; the Shi'a sect use the term only as a title for one of the twelve Allah-appointed successors of Muhammad.
- ʾImāmah (إمامة) or imamate
- successorship of Muhammad and the leadership of mankind.
- ʾImān (إيمان)
- personal faith
- ʾInna lilāhi wa ʾinna ʾilaihi rājiʿūn (إِنَّا لِلّهِ وَإِنَّـا إِلَيْهِ رَاجِعونَ)
- To Allah we belong and to Him is our return – said to mourners
- ʾInfāq (إنفاق)
- the habitual inclination to give rather than take in life; the basis for charity
- ʾInjīl (الإنجيل)
- Arabic term for the holy book called The Gospel said to have been given to Jesus, who is known as Isa in Arabic; Muslims believe the holy book has been lost and the New Testament gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are not the word of Allah, only Christian stories about Jesus.
- ʾIn shāʾa -llāh (إن شاء الله)
- "If God wills"; Inshallah is "resigned, accepting, neutral, passive. It is neither optimistic nor pessimistic." [1] [2]
- ʾIqāmah (إقامة)
- the second call to prayer. Similar to the azhan.
- ʾIrtidād (ارتداد)
- apostasy (see murtadd). Also riddah ردة
- ʿĪsā (عيسى)
- Jesus – 'Isa ibn Maryam (English: Jesus son of Mary), (a matronymic since he had no biological father). The Qur'an asserts that Allah has no sons and therefore, 'Isa is not the son of Allah. Muslims honor 'Isa as a nabi and rasul.
- ʿIshā' (عشاء)
- night; the fifth salat prayer
- ʾIṣlāḥ (إصلاح )
- "reform". This term may mean very different things, depending on the context. When used in reference to reform of Islam, it may mean modernism, such as that proposed by Muhammad Abduh; or Salafi literalism, such as that preached by Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani[10]
- ʾIslām(الإسلام) (help·info)
- "submission to God". The Arabic root word for Islam means submission, obedience, peace, and purity.
- ʾIsnād (إسناد)
- chain of transmitters of any given hadith
- ʾIsrāʾ (الإسراء)
- the night journey during which Muhammad (محمّد)is said to have visited Heaven. See miraj.
- ʾIstighfār (استغفار)
- requesting forgiveness
- ʾIstiḥādah (استحاضة)
- vaginal bleeding except Haid and Nifas
- ʾIstiṣlāḥ (استصلاح)
- public interest – a source of Islamic Law.
- ʾIstishhād (استشهاد)
- martyrdom.
- ʾIthm (إثم)
- Negative reward for bad deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of thawab.
- ʾIʿtikāf (إعتكاف)
- seclusion in the masjid for the purpose of worship usually performed during the last 10 days of Ramadan.
- ʾItmām al-hujjah (إتمام الحجة)
- clarification of truth in its ultimate form.
- Ittaqullah (اتقوا الله)
- command to fear God or to be pious to Allah.
J
- Jāʾiz (جائز)
- That which is allowed or permissible. As a rule, everything that is not prohibited is allowed. (See halal, mustahabb, mandub)
- Jahannam (جهنم)
- the Hell-fire; Hell
- Jāhilīyyah (الجاهليّة)
- the time of ignorance before Islam was realized. Describes polytheistic religions.
- Jahl (جهل)
- ignorance, foolishness.
- Jalsa (جلسة)
- sitting.
- Jāmiʿah (جامعة)
- "gathering"; i.e. a university, a mosque, or more generally, a community or association.
- Janābah (جنابة)
- A state of spiritual impurity that occur due to sexual intercourse or ejaculation and necessitates major ritual ablution (ghusl),
- Janāzah (جنازة)
- Funeral. Ṣalāt al-Janāzah is a funeral prayer.
- Jannah (جنة)
- Paradise, Heaven, the Garden
- Jazāka-llāhu khayran (جزاك اللهُ خيرًا)
- "May God reward you with good." Islamic expression of gratitude.
- Jihād (جهاد)
- struggle. Any earnest striving in the way of God, involving personal, physical, for righteousness and against wrongdoing;
- Jihād aṣ-ṣaghīr (جهاد الصغير)
- Offensive jihad declared by caliph.
- Jihād aṭ-ṭalab (جهاد الطلب)
- Offensive jihad.
- Jihād ad-dafʿa (جهاد الدفعة)
- Defensive jihad.
- Jihād bil-māl (جهاد بامال)
- Financial jihad.
- Jihād bis-saif ( جهاد بالسيف)
- literally 'struggle by the sword'; holy war.
- Jilbāb (جلباب)
- (pl. jalabib) a long, flowing, garment worn by some as a more conservative means of fulfillment of sartorial hijab. (See also: abaya. burka, chador)
- Jinn (جنّ)
- Term for invisible beings, considered to roam the earth.
- Jizya (جزية)
- A tax specified in the Quran (9:29) to be paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim political control.
- Juḥod (جحود)
- To deny. Jaahid (the denier). Disbelief out of rejection. When there comes to them that which they [should] have recognized, they refuse to believe in (kafaru) it. ( 2:89) Accordingly, juhud includes rejection (kufr at-taktheeb) and resistance (kufr al-'inaad)
- Jumuʿah (جمعة)
- Friday prayer or Sabbath.
- Juzʾ (جزء)
- one of thirty parts of the Qur'an.
K
- Kaʿbah (الكعبة)
- cube-house; i.e., the cube-shaped building in Mecca which Muslims face to pray.
- Kāfir - non-Muslim (كافر kāfir sing.; كفّار kuffār pl.)
- from the word kafara, "to hide." Those who deliberately hide the truth; non-Muslims in Islamic or non-Islamic countries or states, unbelievers, truth-concealers; one who is ungrateful to God as per Islam. Common derogatory term used by different Islamic factions such as sunni and shias to denounce each other as non-Muslims. Plural: Kāfirūn. Commonly used as an offensive term for black people by white South Africans.
- Kalām (علم الكلام) (ʿilm al-kalām)
- Literally, "words" or "speech," and referring to oration. The name applied to the discipline of philosophy and theology concerned specifically with the nature of faith, determinism and freedom, and the nature of the divine attributes.
- Khair (خير)
- Every kind of good
- Khalīfah (خليفة)
- Caliph, more generally, one performing the duties of khilafa.
- Khalīl (خليل)
- devoted friend
- Khalq (خلق)
- Creation – the act of measuring; determining, estimating and calculating. Khalq is the noun form of the verb khalaqa (see bara, sawwara).
- Al-khāliq (الخالق)
- The Creator, Allah.
- Khamr (خمر)
- Intoxicant, wine.
- Khatīb (خطيب)
- the speaker at the Friday Muslim prayer, or Jumu'ah prayer.
- Khatm (ختم)
- to finish - refers to the complete recitation of the Qur'an.
- Kharāj (خراج)
- a land tax.
- Khayr
- goodness. See birr (righteousness) See qist (equity) See 'adl (equilibrium and justice) See haqq (truth and right) See ma'ruf (known and approved) See taqwa (piety.)
- khilāf (خلاف)
- Controversy, dispute, discord.
- Khilāfah (خلافة)
- Man's trusteeship and stewardship of Earth; Most basic theory of the Caliphate; Flora and fauna as sacred trust; Accountability to; God for harms to nature, failure to actively care and maintain. Three specific ways in which khalifa is manifested in Muslim practice are the creation of haram to protect water, hima to protect other species (including those useful to man), and by resisting infidel domination over Muslim lands, in jihad.
- Khilwa, (خلوة)
- An offense consisting of being caught alone in private with a member of the opposite sex who is not an immediate family member. [11]
- al-khulafāʾ ar-rāshidūn (الخلفاء الراشدون)
- four first caliphs, believed by most Muslims to be most righteous rulers in history
- Khimār (خمار) (pl. khumur (خُمُر) or ʾakhmirah (أخْمِرة))
- headcovering (Q. 24:31).
- Khitān (ختان)
- Male circumcision.
- Khuluq (خُلُق) pl. ʾakhlāq (أخلاق)
- ethics
- Khushūʿ (خشوع)
- humility, devotion, concentration (especially in prayer).
- Khuṭbah (خطبة)
- the sermon at Jumu'ah prayer.
- Kibr (كِبْر)
- pride, arrogance
- Kibar (كِبَر)
- old age
- Kitāb (كتاب)
- book; The Qurʾān is often referred to as "Al-Kitāb" ( The Book).
- Kufr (كفر)
- Unbelief, infidelity, blasphemy; also hubris. See Kafir and Kuffar
- Kufr al-ḥukm (كفر الحكم)
- Disbelief from judgment.
- Kufr al-ʿInād (كفر العناد)
- Disbelief out of stubbornness
- Kufr al-ʾInkār (كفر الإنكار)
- Disbelief out of arrogance and pride.
- Kufr al-ʾIstibdāl (كفر الإستبدال)
- Disbelief because of trying to substitute Allah's Laws.
- Kufr al-ʾIstiḥlāl (كفر الإستحلال)
- Disbelief out of trying to make HARAM into HALAL.
- Kufrul-Istihzaha
- Disbelief due to mockery and derision
- Kufr al-jahl (كفر الجهل)
- Disbelief from not being aware of or not understanding.
- Kufr al-juhud (كفر الجهد)
- Disbelief from obstinacy after being presented with truth.
- Kufr an-Nifāq (كفر النفاق)
- Disbelief out of hypocrisy.
- Kufr al-ʾIʿrāḍ (كفر الإعراض)
- Disbelief due to avoidance.
- Kun (كن)
- God's command to the universe, 'Be!' is sufficient to create it.
L
- Lā ilāha illā-llāh (لَا إِلٰهَ إِلَّا الله)
- "There is no god but God." The most important expression in Islam. It is part of the first pillar of Islam. According to Islam, this is the message of all the Prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad.
- Labbayka -llāhumma (لبّيكَ اللّهُم)
- God, I obey you (said during hajj)
- Laghw (لغو)
- Dirty, false, evil vain talk
- Laʿnah (لعنة)
- Curse, execration, or imprecation.
- Laylat al-Qadr (ليلة القدر)
- the Night of Power, towards the end of Ramadan, when Muhammad received the first revelation of the Qur'an.
METRO
- Madhhab (مذهب)
- pl. Madhāhib (مذاهب) school of religious jurisprudence (fiqh), school of thought. Also see fiqh.
- Madrasah (مدرسة)
- school, university
- Maghrib (مغرب)
- the fourth daily salat prayer
- Mahdi (مهدي)
- "a guide". More specifically al-Mahdi (the guide) is a figure who will appear with Prophet Jesus before the end of time, when God allows it, to bring world peace, order and justice, after it has been overcome with injustice and aggression.
- Mahdūr ad-damm (مهدور الدم)
- he whose blood must be wasted
- Maḥram (محرم)
- a relative of the opposite gender usually described as being "within the forbidden limits"; a better description is "within the protected limits". means relatives who one can appear before without observing hijab and who one cannot marry.
- Maisir (ميسر )
- gambling, game of chance
- Makrūh (مكروه)
- Means "detested", though not haraam (forbidden); something that is disliked or offensive. If a person commits the Makruh, he does not accumulate ithim but avoiding the Makhruh is rewarded with thawab.
- Malāʾikah (ملائكة)
- angels (Sing. Malak). Belief in angels is one of the Five Pillars of Islam and requiered for Muslims to believe in.
- Mā malakat ʾaymānukum (ما ملكت أيمانكم)
- one's rightful spouse (literally: what your right hands possess)
- Manāsik (مناسك)
- the rules specifying the requirements of a legally valid hajj
- Mandūb (مندوب)
- commendable or recommended. Failure to do it would not be a sin. (See halal mustahabb)
- Manhaj (منهج)
- the methodology by which truth is reached [12]
- Mansūkh (منسوخ)
- That which is abrogated. The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see naskh
- Manzil (منزل)
- one of seven equal parts of the Qur'an
- Maʿrūf (معروف)
- consensus of the community
- Maqāṣid (مقاصد) sing. maqṣid (مقصد)
- goals or purposes; such as the purposes of Islamic law
- Maṣāliḥ (مصالح) sing. maṣlaḥah (مصلحة)
- public interests
- Masbuq (مَسْبُوق)
- A person who is late for salat and has not joined the imam in the first rak’at.
- Mā shāʾa -llāh (ما شاء الله)
- Allah has willed it
- Masīḥ (مسيح)
- the (Biblical) Messiah, Jesus Christ
- Masjid (مسجد) pl. masājid, مساجد
- place of prayer; mosque
- Masjid al-Ḥarām (المسجد الحرام)
- the mosque surrounding the Kaʿbah in Mecca.
- Mawālī or mawālā (موالي)
- Non-Arab Muslims
- Mawlā [mawlan (مولى)] [pl. mawālin (موالٍ)]
- protector or master
- Mawlānā (مولانا)
- an Arabic word literally meaning "our lord" or "our master". It is used mostly as a title preceding the name of a respected religious leader, in particular graduates of religious institutions. The term is sometimes used to refer to Rumi.
- Maulvi (مولوی)
- an honorific Islamic religious title often, but not exclusively, given to Muslim religious scholars or Ulema preceding their names. Maulvi generally means any religious cleric or teacher
- Mecca (مكّة Makkah)
- the holiest city in Islam
- Medina (مدينة Madīnah)
- "city"; Medinat-un-Nabi means "the City of the Prophet." See Hijra (Islam)
- Mi'ād (معاد)
- the Resurrection; God will resurrect all of humankind to be judged. Shi'as regard this as the fifth Pillar of Islam.
- Miḥrāb (محراب)
- a niche in the wall of all mosques, indicating the direction of prayer
- Millah (مِلَّة)
- In Arabic, millah means "religion," but it has only been used to refer to religions other than Islam, which is din.
- Millet
- (see Millah) (Turkish word also meaning a nation, community, or a people). In an Islamic state, "Ahl al Kitab" may continue to practice their former religion in a semi-autonomous community termed the millet.
- Minaret (منارة)
- a tower built onto a mosque from the top of which the call to prayer is made
- Minbar (منبر)
- a raised pulpit in the mosque where the Imam stands to deliver sermons
- Minhaj (منهج)
- methodology, e.g. methods, rules, system, procedures.
- Mīqāt (ميقات )
- intended place
- Miʿrāj (المعراج)
- the Ascension to the Seven Heavens during the Night Journey See also: isra
- Muʾadhdhin (مأذن)
- a person who performs the call to prayer
- Muʿāhadāt (معاهدات)
- treaties
- Muʿawwidhatayn (المعوذتين)
- suras Al-Falaq and an-Nas, the "Surahs of refuge", should be said to relieve suffering (also protect from Black Magic)
- Mubāḥ (مباح)
- literally permissible; neither forbidden nor commended. Neutral. (See halal)
- Mubaligh (مبلغ)
- person who recites Qur'an
- Muftī (مفتى)
- an Islamic scholar who is an interpreter or expounder of Islamic law (Sharia), capable of issuing fatawa (plural of "fatwa").
- Muḥajjabah (محجبة)
- woman who wears hijab.
- Muḥkamāt
- unequivocal verses of Qur'an. (See mutashabehat.)
- Muḥāribah (محاربة)
- a person who wages war against God
- Muḥammadun rasūl allāh (محمدٌ رسول الله)
- "Muhammad is the messenger of God." This statement is the second part of the first pillar of Islam. This is the second most important statement in Islam.
- Mufsid (مفسد)
- evil-doer a person who spreads corruption not in accordance with Islam. Plural mufsideen.
- Muḥsin (محسن)
- a person who performs good deed. Plural muhsineen. Opposite of Mufsidun.
- Muhājirūn (مهاجرون)
- The first Muslims that accompanied Muhammad when he traveled to Medina.
- Muharṭiq (مهرطق)
- heretic.
- Mujāhid (مجاهد)
- a fighter for Islam. Plural Mujāhidūn (مجاهدون).
- Mujtahid (مجتهد)
- a scholar who uses reason for the purpose of forming an opinion or making a ruling on a religious issue. Plural: Mujtahidun.
- Mullah (ملا)
- are Islamic clergy. Ideally, they should have studied the Qur'an, Islamic traditions (hadith), and Islamic law (fiqh).
- Muʾmin (مؤمن)
- A Muslim who observes the commandments of the Qur'an.
- Munāfiq (منافق)
- hypocrite. Plural: Munafiqun
- Muntaiabah (منتقبة) pl. muntaqibāt (منتقبات)
- woman who wears niqab
- Murābaḥah ( مرابحة)
- a type of sharia-compliant mortgage (see Ijara)
- Murshid (مرشد)
- a Sufi teacher
- Murtadd (مرتد) female apostate is Murtaddah
- apostate (see irtidad see mahdur ad-damm.)
- Muṣḥaf (مصحف)
- a copy, codex or redaction of the Qur'an.
- Mushrik (مشرك)(pl. mushrikūn) (مشركون)
- One who associates others in worship with God; a polytheist.
- Muslim (مسلم)
- a follower of the religion of Islam. One who submits their will to God (Allah)
- Mustaḥabb (مستحبّ)
- commendable or recommended. (See halal, mandub)
- Mutʿah (متعة)
- literally enjoyment; compensation paid to a divorced woman; when used in the phrase nikāḥ al-mutʿah (نكاح المتعة) it refers to temporary marriage that is practiced in Twelver Shia Islam.
- Mutashābihāt (متشابهات)
- equivocal verses of Qur'an. (See Muhakkamat.)
- Mutaʿaṣṣibūn (متعصّبون)
- fanatics
- Muṭawwaʿ (مطوّع) plural muṭawwaʿūn (مطوّعون)
- religious man in certain regions, a volunteer teacher
- Muṭawwaʿūn (مطوّعون) (مطوعين) (singular muṭawwaʿ)
- Religious police.
- Mutawātir (متواتر)
- "agreed upon"—used to describe hadith that were narrated by many witnesses through different narration chains (isnads) leading back to Muhammad
norte
- Nabī (نبي)
- literally, prophets. In the Islamic context, a Nabi is a man sent by God to give guidance to man, but not given scripture. The Prophet Abraham was a Nabi. This is in contrast to Rasul, or Messenger. Plural: Anbiya. See: Rasul.
- Nafs (النفس)
- soul, the lower self, the ego/id
- Nāfilah ( نافلة)
- An optional, supererogatory practice of worship, in contrast to farida
- Najāsah (نجاسة)
- Impurity
- Nājis ( ناجس)
- impure
- Nakīr and Munkar (نكير و منكر)
- two angels who test the faith of the dead in their graves
- Namaz
- Ritual Prayer in Turkish and Persian language.
- Naṣīḥa (نصيحة)
- advice
- Naskh (نسخ)
- The doctrine of al-Nasikh wal-Mansukh (abrogation) of certain parts of the Qur'anic revelation by others. The principle is mentioned in the Qur'an (2:106) see mansukh.
- Naṣṣ (نصّ)
- a known, clear legal injunction
- Nifās (نفاس)
- the bleeding after childbirth (see Haid)
- Nifāq (نفاق)
- falsehood; dishonesty; hypocrisy
- Nihāļ (نحال)
- Nihal is an Arabic name meaning "joyful."
- Nikāḥ (النكاح)
- the matrimonial contract between a bride and bridegroom within Islamic marriage
- Niqāb (نقاب)
- veil covering the face
- Niyyah (نية)
- intention
- Nubūwwah (نبوّة)
- prophethood. Shi'a regard this as the third Pillar of Islam.
- Nukrah
- a great munkar – prohibited, evil, dreadful thing.
- Nūr ( نور)
- Light, more theological connoted than daw', the proper term for light in Arabic. Nur is often associated with benevolence, as Light of Muhammad and angels of mercy as created from nur. The term is closely associated with nar, which denotes the burning light of fire, often associated with fierce forces, like angels of punishment, demons and hell.
PAG
- P.B.U.H.
- an acronym that stands for "peace be upon him" a blessing which is affixed to Muhammad's name whenever it is written. In some circles and English writings, Sufis regard PBUH to signify "Peace and Blessings Upon Him" (the Rasul or Messenger of Allah). These are the primary English explications of the P.B.U.H. acronym. The Arabic version is S.A.W.
Q
- Qadhf (قذف)
- false imputation of unchastity specifically punished by sharia.
- Qadar (قدر)
- predestination.
- Qāḍī (قاضي)
- judge of Islamic Law
- Qalb (قلب)
- Heart, considered th center of the self in Islamic anthropology
- Qiblah (قبلة)
- the direction Muslims face during prayer
- Qitāl fī sabīl allāh ( قتال في سبيل الله )
- fight in the cause of Allah.
- Qiyāmah (قيامة)
- resurrection; return of the dead for the Day of Judgment
- Qiṣāṣ (قصاص)
- equitable retribution – a fine for murder if the heirs forgive the perpetrator. (See hudud, tazeer)
- Qiyām (قيام)
- to stand, a position of salat prayer
- Qiyās (القياس)
- analogy – foundation of legal reasoning and thus fiqh
- Qudsī (قدسي)
- classification of a hadith that are believed to be narrated by Muhammad from God.
- Qurbah (قربة)
- closeness to God. Term is associated with Sufism.
- Qurʾān (القرآن)
- The word Qur'an means recitation. Muslims believe the Qur'an (Koran) to be the literal word of God and the culmination of God's revelation to mankind, revealed to Muhammad in the year AD 610 in the cave Hira by the angel Jibril.
R
- Rabb (ربّ)
- Lord, Sustainer, Cherisher, Master.
- R. A., raḍiya -llāhu ʿanhu (رضي الله عنه)
- May Allah be pleased with him. Variants are ʿanhā (her) and ʿanhum (them).
- Raḥmān (رحمن)
- Merciful; Ar-Rahman (الرحمن) means "The Most Merciful"
- Raḥīm (رحيم)
- compassionate; Ar-Rahim (الرحيم) means "The Most Compassionate" as in the Basmala
- Raḥimaḥullāh (رحمه الله)
- May Allah have mercy on him. Usually used after mentioning the companions of Muhammad
- Raḥmatullāh (رحمة الله)
- Mercy of Allah. Sometimes used as an alternative to Rahimahullah after mentioning a righteous person by saying, rahmatullahi ʿilayh (رحمة الله علیه): Mercy of Allah be upon him/her
- Rajm (رجم)
- lit. stoning, refers to capital punishment by stoning in parts of Islamic law, but also takes the meaning of "accursed" in a metaphorical way. Also used as an epithet for the devil in some Islamic prayers.
- Rakʿah (ركعة)
- one unit of Islamic prayer, or Salat. Each daily prayer is made up of a different number of raka'ah.
- Ramaḍān (رمضان)
- month of fasting when the Qur'an was first revealed. Spelt as Ramzaan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan as well.
- Rāshidūn (راشدون)
- Sunnis consider the first four caliphs as the "orthodox" or "rightly guided" caliphs. They were Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman and 'Ali.
- Rasūl (رسول)
- messenger; Unlike prophets ( Nabi), messengers are given scripture. Moses (as), David (as), Jesus (as) and Mohammed (as) are considered messengers. All messengers are considered prophets, but not all prophets are given scripture. See: Nabi.
- Riba (ربا)
- interest, the charging and paying of which is forbidden by the Qur'an
- Ribat
- Guarding Muslims from infidels
- Riddah (ردة)
- apostasy, in which a person abandons Islam for another faith or no faith at all.
- Risālah (رِسَالَة)
- literally, message or letter. Used both in common parlance for mail correspondences, and in religious context as divine message.
- Rūḥ (روح)
- spirit; the divine breath which God blew into the clay of Adam. Sometimes used interchangeable with nafs; otherwise distinguished and identified with the sublime parts of human's soul.
- Rukn (ركن) plural ʾArkān (أركان)
- means what is inevitable. One of the five pillars of Islam. (See fard, wajib)
- Rukūʿ (ركوع)
- the bowing performed during salat.
S
- Sabb (سَبّ)
- blasphemy: insulting God ( sabb Allah) or Muhammad ( sabb ar-rasūl or sabb an-nabī).
- Ṣabr (صبر)
- patience, endurance, self-restraint
- Ṣadaqah (صدقة)
- charity; voluntary alms above the amount for zakat.
- Ṣaḥābah (الصحابة) (sing. Ṣāḥib) (صاحب)
- companions of Muhammad. A list of the best-known Companions can be found at List of companions of Muhammad.
- Ṣāḥīḥ (صحيح)
- "Sound in isnad." A technical attribute applied to the "isnad" of a hadith.
- Sakīnah (سكينة)
- divine "tranquility" or "peace" which descends upon a person when the Qur'an is recited.
- Salaf (السلف الصالح)
- (righteous) predecessors/ancestors. In Islam, Salaf is generally used to refer to the first three generations of Muslims. Anyone who died after this is one of the khalaf or "latter-day Muslims".
- Salafism
- a reform movement, basing Islamic teachings on Quran and Sunnah alone. Contrary to Classical Sunnism, it disregards former established consensus and the opinions of the Sahaba.
- Ṣalāt (صلاة) sala(t)
- any one of the daily five obligatory prayers. Sunnis regard this as the second Pillar of Islam
- Salaat al-Istikharah
- Prayer for guidance is done in conjunction with two rakaahs of supererogatory prayer.
- Salām (سلام)
- peace (see sulh)
- Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم)
- "May Allah bless him and grant him peace." The expression should be used after stating Muhammad's name. See abbreviation: S.A.W. or S.A.W.S. also P.B.U.H.
- Ṣamad (صمد)
- eternal, absolute; Muslims believe Allah is "The Eternal."
- Salsabīl (سلسبيل)
- a river in heaven (al-firdaus)
- Sawa
- awakening, revival
- S.A.W. (or S.A.W.S.)
- Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam (صلى الله عليه و سلم). See P.B.U.H.
- Ṣawm (صَوم)
- fasting during the month of Ramadhan. The word sawm is derived from Syriacsawmo.
- Sayyid (سيّد)
- (in everyday usage, equivalent to ' Mr.') a descendant of a relative of Muhammad, usually via Husayn.
- Sema
- refer to some of the ceremonies used by various sufi orders
- Shahādah (الشهادة)
- The testimony of faith: La ilaha illa Allah. Muhammadun rasulullah. ("There is no god but Allah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."). Sunnis regard this as the first Pillar of Islam. Also may be used as a synonym for the term Istish'hād meaning martyrdom.
- Shahīd (شهيد) pl. shuhadāʾ (شهداء)
- witness, martyr. Usually refers to a person killed whilst fighting in "jihād fī sabīl Allāh" (jihad for the sake of Allah). Often used in modern times for deaths in a political cause (including victims of soldiers, deaths in battle, et cetera) which are viewed by some Muslims as a spiritual cause not just a political cause. But the real meaning of Jihad is to defend Islam in any way; thus, it could be in an economic way or could refer to fighting for the rights of the oppressed or the believers; most often it refers to mastering one's own inclination for evil and shirk.
- Shaykh (شيخ)
- a spiritual master, Muslim clergy
- Sharīʿah (الشريعة)
- "the path to a watering hole"; Islamic law; the eternal ethical code and moral code based on the Qur'an, Sunnah, Ijma, and Qiyas; basis of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh)
- Sharīf (شريف)
- a title bestowed upon the descendants of Muhammad through Hasan, son of his daughter Fatima Zahra and son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib
- Shayṭān (شيطان)
- Evil being; a devil. With the article Al- it designates the Devil ( Iblis) in particular. In plural, it designates a host of evil spirits; demons. Also applied to evil humans and evil jinn.
- Shīʿah (الشيعة)
- A branch of Islam who believe in Imam Ali and his sons (Hassan and Hussayn) as custodians of Islam by the will of Mohammed.
- Shirk (شرك)
- idolatry; polytheism; the sin of believing in any divinity except God and of associating other gods with God.
- Shūrā (شورى)
- consultation
- Majlis ash-shūrā (مجلس الشورى)
- advisory council in a Caliphate
- Sidrat al-Muntaha (سدرة المنتهى )
- a lotus tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the boundary where no creation can pass.
- Sīrah (السيرة)
- life or biography of Muhammad; his moral example – with hadith this comprises the sunnah
- aṣ-Ṣirāṭ al-mustaqīm ( الصراط المستقيم)
- the Straight Path
- Subah Sadiq
- true dawn
- Subḥānahu wa taʿāla (سبحانه و تعالى)(abbreviated S.W.T.)
- expression used following written name or vocalization of Allah in Arabic meaning highly praised and glorified is He.
- Subḥān allāh (سبحان الله)
- "Glory to God" – this phrase is often used when praising God or exclaiming awe at His attributes, bounties, or creation.
- Ṣūfī (صوفي)
- a Muslim mystic; See: Sufism ( tasawwuf).
- Suḥūr (سحور)
- the meal eaten by fasting Muslims just before dawn.
- Sujūd(سجود)
- kneeling down, a position of salat.
- Ṣukūk (صكوك)
- bond that generates revenue from sales, profits, or leases rather than interest.
- Ṣulḥ (صلح)
- A condition of peace, an armistice, or treaty. It is related to the word muṣālaḥah (مصالحة) which means peace, conciliation, or compromise.
- Sunnah (السنّة) or sunnat an-Nabī (سنّة النبي)
- the "path" or "example" of Muhammad, i.e., what he did or said or agreed to during his life. He is considered by Muslims to be the best human moral example. Also referring to optional good deeds, such as pious deeds and voluntary ritual prayers.
- Sunni (سنّي)
- the largest denomination of Islam. The word Sunni comes from the word Sunnah (Arabic: سنة), which means the words and actions or example of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad.
- Sūrah (سورة)
- chapter; the Qur'an is composed of 114 suras
T
- Taʿāla (تعالى)
- Almighty
- Tābiʿīn (تابعون|تابعين)
- followers of the Ṣaḥābah
- Tafsīr (تفسير)
- exegesis, particularly such commentary on the Qur'an
- Ṭāghūt (طاغوت) (taghout)
- originally Aramaic, meaning "false god"; also tyranny.
- Tahajjud (تهجُّد)
- optional (supererogatory), late-night (pre-dawn) prayer
- Ṭahārah (طهارة)
- purification from ritual impurities by means of wudu or ghusl
- Ṭāhir (طاهر)
- pure, ritually clean
- Tahlīl (تهليل)
- Uttering the formula of faith: "Lā ilāha illā -llāh", (i.e. "There is no god but God"); Tahmid (تحميد):Tahmid means to praise Allah or saying "Alhamdillah".It derives from the same root ase Muhammad, mahmud and hamid(hmd) which means praise in Arabic.
- Taḥnīk (تحنيك)
- 'Tahnik' is an Islamic ceremony of touching the lips of a newborn baby with honey, sweet juice or pressed dates.
- Taḥrīf (تحريف)
- corruption, forgery. Muslims believe the Bible Scriptures were corrupted but the Qur'an is in its original form.
- Tajdīd (تجديد)
- to purify and reform society in order to move it toward greater equity and justice, literally meaning to make new in present tense
- Tajdīf (تجديف)
- blasphemy
- Tajwīd (تجويد)
- a special manner of reciting the Qur'an according to prescribed rules of pronunciation and intonation.
- Takāful ( التكتاقل)
- Based on sharia Islamic law, it is a form of mutual insurance. See retakaful.
- Takbīr (تكبير)
- a proclamation of the greatness of Allah; a Muslim invocation.
- takhsis (ثخصص, also takhsees)
- in fiqh, a qualification of a general ruling [' aam] so that it only applies in certain cases. [13]
- Takfīr (تكفير)
- declaration of individual or group of previously considered Muslim as kaffir.
- Takhrīj (تخريج الحديث )
- The science of hadith extraction and authentication, including validation of chains of transmitters of a hadith by this science's scholars and grading hadith validity.
- Takweeni (تکوینیة)
- Ontological
- Ṭalāq (الطلاق)
- divorce
- Taqalan
- accountable ones; those who are responsible for their deeds. Among them are the human and the jinn.
- Taqdīr (تقدير)
- fate, predestination
- Taqlīd (تقليد)
- to follow the scholarly opinion of one of the four Imams of Islamic Jurisprudence.
- Taqīyyah (تقيّة)
- 'precaution', that one is allowed to hide his true beliefs in certain circumstances or to lie to save himself of being killed or harmed.
- Taqwa (تقوى)
- righteousness; goodness; Piety: Taqwa is taken from the verbe Ittaqua, which means Avoiding, Fearing the punishment from Allah for committing sins. It is piety obtained by fearing the punishment of Allah.
- Tarāwīḥ (تراويح)
- extra prayers in Ramadan after the Isha prayer.
- Tarkīb (تَرْكِيب)
- the study of Arabic grammar issued from the Qur'an
- Ṭarīqah (طريقة)
- a Muslim religious order, particularly a Sufi order
- Tartīl (ترتيل)
- slow, meditative recitation of the Qur'an
- Taṣawwuf (التصوّف) or Sufism
- Tasbīḥ (تسبيح)
- Uttering the formula: "Subhan Allah", i.e. (Glory be to Allah)
- Taṣdīq (تصديق)
- "the evaluation of the degree of iman" (belief), "proof of iman; Tasdiq is proved by "acceptance of what the prophets brought down"; by Islamic works and deeds "which in turn are used to evaluate the level of iman". [14]
- Tashkīl (تشكيل)
- vocalization of Arabic text by means of diacritical marks. An integral part of the Arabic writing system. Literally meaning to form or arrange
- Taslīm (تسليم)
- salutation at the end of prayer
- Taṭbīr (تطبير)
- Shia Ashura ceremony of self-flagellation by hitting head with sword.
- Tawafuq (توافق)
- God-conscious understanding of a phenomenon.
- Tawakkul (توکل)
- total reliance on Allah.
- Tawassul (توسُّل)
- asking Allah Almighty through the medium and intercession of another person.
- Ṭawāf (طواف)
- circumambulating the Ka'bah during Hajj.
- Tawfiq (توفیق)
- Divine help in getting to the purpose to one who deserves.
- Tawbah (توبة)
- repentance
- Tawḥīd (توحيد)
- monotheism; affirmation of the Oneness of Allah. Muslims regard this as the first part of the Pillar of Islam, the second part is accepting Muhammad as rasoul (messenger). The opposite of Tawheed is shirk
- Ta'weel (تأويلة)
- explanation and elucidation, how something will occur and its result, or figurative interpretation. [15]
- Tawrāh (توراة)
- the Torah as revealed to Musa (Moses.)
- Ṭayyib (طيِّب)
- all that is good as regards things, deeds, beliefs, persons, foods, etc. Means "pure." The Shahaddath is tayyib.
- Taʿzīr (تعزير)
- Discretionary punishment – a sentence or punishment whose measure is not fixed by the Shari'ah. (See hudud, qisas)
- Tazkīyah (تزكية)
- Purification of the Soul.
- Thawāb (ثواب)
- Reward for good deeds that is tallied on qiyamah (judgment day.) Opposite of ithim.
- Tilāwah (تلاوة)
- ritual recitation of passages of the Qur'an.
- Ṭumaʾnīnah (طمأنينة)
- state of motionlessness, calm
U
- ʿUbūdīyah (عبودية)
- worship
- ʾUḍḥīyah (أضحية)
- sacrifice
- ʿUlamāʾ (علماء) or ulema
- the leaders of Islamic society, including teachers, Imams and judges. Singular alim.
- ʾUmmah (الاُمّة) or umma
- (literally ' nation') the global community of all Muslim believers
- ʿUmrah (عمرة)
- the lesser pilgrimage performed in Mecca. Unlike hajj, ʿumrah can be performed throughout the year.
- ʿUqūbah (عقوبة)
- the branch of sharia that deals with punishment. (See hudud, qisas, tazeer)
- ʿUrf (عرف)
- custom of a given society, leading to change in the fiqh
- ʾUṣūl (أُصول) (sing. ʾaṣl)(أصل)
- Principles, origins.
- ʾUṣūl al-Fiqh (أصول الفقه)
- the study of the origins and practice of Islamic jurisprudence ( fiqh)
W
- Wa ʿalaykum as-salām (وعليكم السلام)
- Wa 'Alaykum as-Salaam!, meaning "and upon you be peace". (see As-Salamu Alaykum)
- Wafāt (وفاة)
- death. (Barah-wafat) Muhammad was born on the twelfth day of Rabi-ul-Awwal, the third month of the Muslim year. His death anniversary also falls on the same day, the word 'barah' standing for the twelve days of Muhammad's sickness.
- Waḥdat al-wujūd (وحدة الوجود)
- "unity of being". Philosophical term used by some Sufis. Related to fanaa
- Waḥy (وحی)
- revelation or inspiration of God to His prophets for all humankind
- Wahn (وهن)
- literal meaning is "weakness" or "feebleness". According to one hadith, [16] Muhammad explained it as "love of the world and dislike of death"
- Wājib (واجب)
- obligatory or mandatory see fard
- Walī (ولي)
- friend, protector, guardian, supporter, helper
- Waqf (وقف)
- An endowment of money or property: the return or yield is typically dedicated toward a certain end, for example, to the maintenance of the poor, a family, a village, or a mosque. Plural: awqaf
- Warrāq (ورّاق)
- traditional scribe, publisher, printer, notary and book copier
- Wasaṭ (وسط)
- the middle way, justly balanced, avoiding extremes, moderation
- Wasīlah (وسيلة)
- the means by which one achieves nearness to Allah (see tawassul )
- Witr (وتر)
- a voluntary, optional night prayer of odd numbers rakaats.
- Wuḍūʾ (الوضوء)
- ablution for ritual purification from minor impurities before salat (see ghusl)
Y
- Yā Allāh (یا الله)
- O, God!
- Ya Rasūl Allāh (یا رسول الله)
- O, Messenger of God!. Term used by companions when interacting with Muhammad.
- Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj (يأجوج ومأجوج )
- Ya'jūj wa-Ma'jūj is the Islamic counterpart of Gog and Magog
- Yaqīn (يقين)
- certainty, that which is certain
- Yarḥamuk-Allāh (يرحمك الله)
- "May God have mercy on you", said when someone sneezes; the same as "(God) bless you" in English
- Allāh Yarḥamuhu (الله يرحمه), fem. yarḥamuhā(يرحمها)
- "May God have mercy of his/her soul", (said when someone dies)
- Yawm ad-Dīn (يوم الدين)
- Day of Reckoning, Awe
- Yawm al-Ghaḍab (يوم الغضب)
- Day of Rage, Wrath
- Yawm al-Qiyāmah (يوم القيامة)
- "Day of the Resurrection"; Day of Judgement
Z
- Zabūr (زبور)
- the Psalms revealed to King Daoud (David) عليه السلام
- Zabīḥa (Dhabīḥah) (ذَبِيْحَة) see dhabiha
- Islamic method of slaughtering an animal, required for the meat to be halal. Using a sharp knife, the animal's windpipe, throat, and blood vessels of the neck are severed without cutting the spinal cord to ensure that the blood is thoroughly drained before removing the head.
- Ẓāhir(ظاهر)
- Exterior meaning
- Zaidi (الزيدية)
- Islamic sub-sect of Shi'ah, popularly found in Yemen, with similarities to Sunni
- Zakāt (زكاة), Al-Māl
- tax, alms, tithe as a Muslim duty; Sunnis regard this as the fourth Pillar of Islam. Neither charity nor derived from Islamic economics, but a religious duty and social obligation.
- Zakāt al-Fiṭr (زكاة الفطر)
- Charity given at the end of Ramadan.
- Ẓālimūn (ظالمون)
- polytheists, wrong-doers, and unjust.
- Zandaqa (زندقة)
- heresy
- Zināʾ (زناء, زنى)
- sexual activity outside of marriage (covering the English words adultery and fornication)
- Zindīq (زنديق)
- heretic, atheist
- Zulfiqar (Dhu-l-fiqār) (ذو الفقار)
- Sword of Ali, presented to him by Muhammad
Notas
- Arabic words are created from three-letter "roots" which convey a basic idea. For example, k-t-b conveys the idea of writing. Addition of other letters before, between, and after the root letters produces many associated words: not only "write" but also "book", "office", "library", and "author". The abstract consonantal root for Islam is s-l-m.
- Some Islamic concepts are usually referred to in Persian or Turkic. Those are typically of later origin than the concepts listed here; for completeness it may be best to list Persian terms and those unique to Shi'a on their own page, likewise Turkic terms and those unique to the Ottoman period on their own page, as these are culturally very distinct.
- The word "crusade" in English is usually translated in Arabic as "ḥamlah ṣalībīyah" which means literally "campaign of Cross-holders" (or close to that meaning). In Arabic text it is "حملة صليبية" and the second word comes from "ṣalīb" which means "cross."
- The verses in the Qur'an that usually refers to as jihād verses have the phrase "Qitāl fī sabīl allāh" (fighting for the sake of Allah).
Ver también
- 99 Names of God
- History of Islam
- Islamic eschatology
- List of Christian terms in Arabic
- List of English words of Arabic origin
- Prophets of Islam
- Arabic Ontology
Referencias
- ^ Sūrat al-ʾAnfāl corpus.quran.com
- ^ Reynolds, GS Introduction: Qur’anic studies and its controversies
- ^ First line in Qurʾān
- ^ USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts Archived 2006-07-22 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Timani, Hussam S. (November 8, 2017). Taqfir in Islamic Thought. Lexington Books. p. 19. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013). What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 402. ISBN 9781782544159. Retrieved 26 March 2015.
- ^ Qazi, M.A. (1979). A Concise Dictionary of Islamic Terms. Lahore: Kazi Publications. p. 15.
- ^ Bakri H. S. Al-Azzam (16 May 2008). Certain Terms Relating to Islamic Observances: Their Meanings with Reference to Three Translations of the Qur'an and a Translation of Hadith. Universal-Publishers. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-59942-668-6.
- ^ a b c "The Islamic glossary: An explanation of names, terms and Symbols". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
- ^ Habib Ali Jifri on Shaykh al-Buti Archived 2013-11-10 at the Wayback Machine Marifah forum
- ^ McElroy, Damien (2008-05-12). "Saudi man given 150 lashes for unchaperoned meeting with woman". The Telegraph. Retrieved 2017-06-21.
- ^ Quintan Wiktorowicz. Radical Islam rising: Muslim extremism in the West. Rowman & Littlefield, 2005. ISBN 0-7425-3641-6, ISBN 978-0-7425-3641-8. Pg 18
- ^ "The Difference Between Naskh and Takhsees". Dawah Nigeria. Deen Communication Limited. 10 June 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2018.
- ^ Timani, Hussam S. (November 8, 2017). Taqfir in Islamic Thought. Lexington Books. p. 3. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Meaning of Ta'weel Fatwa No: 330607". islamweb.net. 10 October 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
- ^ hadith about wahn searchtruth.com
- Suzanne Haneef, What Everyone Should Know about Islam and Muslims, (Kazi Publications, Chicago), popular introduction
- Muzaffar Haleem, The Sun is Rising In the West, (Amana Publications, Beltsville, MD 1999).
- Ziauddin Sardar, Muhammad for Beginners, Icon Books, 1994, some fun, from very modern Sufi point of view.
- Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (Spoken Language Services, Ithaca, NY, 1976). ed. J. Milton Cowan. ISBN 0-87950-001-8.
- Islam in the World by Malise Ruthven (Gantra Publications, 2006) ISBN 1-86207-906-4
enlaces externos
- Lexicographic Search Engine
- Free expressions with audio
- Voiced Dictionary of Islamic and Arabic Key Words
- Glossary of Islamic terms